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Those who never heard

What happens to people who never heard of Islam?

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Simple answer

The Quran links punishment to the coming of a messenger and describes messengers as establishing proof for people. 17:154:165

Ibn Baz explains that those unreached by the message are tested on the Day of Judgment, with salvation for obedience and punishment for refusal. Ibn Baz

Quran

Quran 4:165

رُّسُلًا مُّبَشِّرِينَ وَمُنذِرِينَ لِئَلَّا يَكُونَ لِلنَّاسِ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ حُجَّةٌۢ بَعْدَ ٱلرُّسُلِ ۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَزِيزًا حَكِيمًا

They were messengers bearing good news and warning, so that mankind would have no excuse before God, once the messengers had been sent: God is almighty and all wise.Translation: M.A.S. Abdel Haleem

Quran 4:165

Quran 17:15

مَّنِ ٱهْتَدَىٰ فَإِنَّمَا يَهْتَدِى لِنَفْسِهِۦ ۖ وَمَن ضَلَّ فَإِنَّمَا يَضِلُّ عَلَيْهَا ۚ وَلَا تَزِرُ وَازِرَةٌ وِزْرَ أُخْرَىٰ ۗ وَمَا كُنَّا مُعَذِّبِينَ حَتَّىٰ نَبْعَثَ رَسُولًا

Whoever accepts guidance does so for his own good; whoever strays does so at his own peril. No soul will bear another’s burden, nor do We punish until We have sent a messenger.Translation: M.A.S. Abdel Haleem

Quran 17:15

Scholar quotes

Shaykh Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz

حكم أهل الفترة وما جاء في والدي الرسول ﷺ

AI translation, check the Arabic original

أهل الفترة ليس في القرآن ما يدل على أنهم ناجون أو هالكون، إنما قال الله جل وعلا: وَمَا كُنَّا مُعَذِّبِينَ حَتَّى نَبْعَثَ رَسُولًا [الإسراء:15] فالله جل وعلا من كمال عدله لا يعذب أحدا إلا بعد أن يبعث إليه رسولا، فمن لم تبلغه الدعوة فليس بمعذب حتى تقام عليه الحجة، وقد أخبر سبحانه أنه لا يعذبهم إلا بعد إقامة الحجة، والحجة قد تقوم عليهم يوم القيامة، كما جاءت السنة بأن أهل الفترات يمتحنون ذلك اليوم، فمن أجاب وامتثل نجا، ومن عصى دخل النار، والنبي ﷺ قال: إن أبي وأباك في النار لما سأله رجل عن أبيه قال: إن أباك في النار فلما رأى ما في وجهه من التغير قال: إن أبي وأباك في النار خرجه مسلم في صحيحه.

Regarding Ahl al-Fatrah, there is nothing in the Quran indicating that they are saved or destroyed. Rather, Allah, Majestic and Exalted, said: 'And We never punish until We have sent a messenger' [Al-Isra:15]. For Allah, Majestic and Exalted, out of the perfection of His justice, does not punish anyone until He has sent a messenger to him. So whoever the message did not reach is not punished until the proof is established against him. He, Glorified is He, has informed that He does not punish them except after establishing the proof. And the proof may be established against them on the Day of Resurrection, as the Sunnah has come indicating that the people of the intervals will be tested on that day: whoever responds and complies is saved, and whoever disobeys enters the Fire. And the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: 'Indeed, my father and your father are in the Fire' when a man asked him about his father; he said: 'Indeed, your father is in the Fire,' and when he saw the change on his face, he said: 'Indeed, my father and your father are in the Fire.' Narrated by Muslim in his Sahih.

The scholar's own words in Arabic (short quote)

مجموع فتاوى ومقالات الشيخ ابن باز (5/ 178)

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This answer was researched in advance from the sources below and reviewed by the Bayan team before publishing (not yet reviewed by a scholar); every sentence names its source, and verses and hadith are shown exactly as their sources provide them.

Quran data provided by Quran Foundation · Not a fatwa. For your personal situation, ask a qualified scholar you trust.